• Constructor: Initializes objects; same name as class, no return type.
• Destructor: Cleans up resources; same name as class with a ~, no return type.

• Class: Blueprint for creating objects.
• Object: Instance of a class that holds data and methods.

A function declared in a base class that can be overridden in a derived class. Enables runtime polymorphism.

• Struct: Default access is public.
• Class: Default access is private.

• Compile-time: Achieved using function overloading and operator overloading.
• Runtime: Achieved using virtual functions.

A virtual function with no implementation (= 0). Used in abstract classes.

• delete: Deallocates memory for a single object.
• delete[]: Deallocates memory for an array.

A class containing at least one pure virtual function. It cannot be instantiated.

A pointer that refers to the current object in a class.

• malloc(): Allocates memory, requires free() to deallocate.
• new: Allocates memory and calls the constructor, requires delete to deallocate.

• Public: Accessible everywhere.
• Protected: Accessible in derived classes.
• Private: Accessible only within the class.

A function that can access private and protected members of a class. Declared using the friend keyword.

C++ is a general-purpose programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. It is an extension of the C language with object-oriented features like classes and objects.

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Abstraction
• Low-level and high-level programming features
• Standard Template Library (STL)

• C: Procedural programming language.
• C++: Supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.

• Shallow copy: Copies only pointers, not the data they point to.
• Deep copy: Copies actual data and allocates separate memory.

• Single
• Multiple
• Multilevel
• Hierarchical
• Hybrid

• Overloading: Same function name, different parameters.
• Overriding: Same function name, same parameters, but different implementation in a derived class

A collection of template classes and functions for data structures and algorithms (e.g., vector, map, set, etc.).

A declarative region for grouping identifiers to avoid naming conflicts. Example: std.

• Pointer: Stores memory address and can be null.
• Reference: Alias for an existing variable, cannot be null.

Mechanism to handle runtime errors using try, catch, and throw.

Classes that manage memory automatically. Types:

• unique_ptr
• shared_ptr
• weak_ptr

• const: Compile-time constant, but evaluated at runtime.
• constexpr: Compile-time constant and evaluated at compile time.

Functions that work with any data type, defined using template keyword.

• map: Ordered key-value pairs, implemented using trees.
• unordered_map: Unordered key-value pairs, implemented using hash tables.

A destructor in a base class declared as virtual to ensure proper cleanup of derived class objects.

Resource Acquisition Is Initialization, a design pattern to manage resource allocation and deallocation.

Using virtual functions and a vtable (virtual table).

• ++i: Pre-increment, increments and returns the value.
• i++: Post-increment, returns the value before incrementing.